How Is the Letter A Pronounced in French

The letter A is as common in the French language as it is in English. You will often use this letter alone, or with an accent grave, or in a number of combinations alongside other letters. Each instance has a slightly different pronunciation and this French lesson will help you learn each. How to Pronounce the French Letter A The pronunciation of the letter A in French is fairly straightforward. It is usually pronounced more or less like the A in father, but with the lips wider in French than in English: listen. An A  with the accent grave  Ãƒ  Ã‚  is pronounced the same way. The A  is sometimes pronounced further back in the mouth and with the lips more rounded than for the A sound described above: listen. This sound is becoming obsolete, but technically should be pronounced when the letter A: is followed by a Z sound as in  base and  gazis followed by a silent S  as in  bas and  cas, with the  exception of  brasincludes the accent circonflexe ˆ as in pà ¢tes and  Ãƒ ¢ne French Words With A Now that you know how to pronounce the various As in French, its time to practice. Click on each of these words to hear the pronunciation and repeat it as often as you need to. Notice the difference between the sound when its used in the various contexts weve discussed. quatre  (four)ami  (friend)agrà ©able  (nice)tabac  (tobacco shop)soulager  (to relieve)pà ¢tes  (pasta)bas  (low)bras  (arm) Letter Combinations With A The letter A is also used in combination with other vowels and consonants to produce specific sounds in French. Its much like how the A in apple is different than the A in  taught in English. To continue your French pronunciation lessons, explore these A combinations: AI / AIS: Pronounced like the French  ÃƒË†.AIL: Pronounced  [ahy], similar to the English  eye.AN: Pronounced [ah(n)], the  ah  sounds like  Ãƒ  Ã‚  and the n has a nasal sound. As in  tante  (aunt).AU: Pronounced like a closed O in a similar manner to eau.EAU: Pronounced like au with a closed O.

The Theory Of Evolution Within Tennessee Public Schools

On March 13, 1925 the state of Tennessee passed the Butler Act. This law prohibited teaching the Theory of Evolution in Tennessee public schools. Any teacher who taught a theory that denied the story of the Divine Creation would be punished by a fine. The American Civil Liberties Union offered legal defense to any Tennessee teacher who would break the law and fight it in court. John Thomas Scopes was a teacher in Dayton, Tennessee, and he intentionally taught his class about the theory of evolution, which led to his arrest and trial. John Thomas Scopes trial began on July 10, 1925, and I watched as the trial unfolded. The famous Clarence Darrow defended Scopes and Williams Jennings Bryan was leading the prosecution. Williams Jennings Bryan had run as the Democratic presidential candidate three times, and he was the fundamentalist hero. After a few days of the trial, many spectators and reporters flocked to Dayton. I watched as the Dayton’s streets became more and more crowded and I saw many preachers with revival tents, who taught how the Theory of Evolution went against the Divine Creation of man. The streets had become a carnival and everyone knew what was going on in Dayton, Tennessee because of the revolutionary radio. Right outside of the courthouse, there were two chimpanzees dressed in plaid suits entertaining the public with their antics around the lawn. Not only where their preachers and reporters, but people on the streets selling hot dogs, lemonade, bibles, andShow MoreRelatedCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution951 Words   |  4 Pagesremain religiously neutral in its actions. Perhaps nowhere else is this neutrality being challenged more vigorously than in America’s public school science classrooms. 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Paper Business Free Essays

Harper, Savanna List’, Melanie Price, Arthur Smith SENT 561 lull 29, 2013 Granular Saxons Wall-Mart Sampling Survey research is an important technique to measure consumer characteristics and opinions. The survey sample is defined as the survey demographic was any â€Å"customers† of Wall-Mart that shopped within stores. The type of survey administered chosen was a non-probability sampling survey, which is convenient for the customer to fill out on his or her terms. We will write a custom essay sample on Paper Business or any similar topic only for you Order Now The collection process was identical to the distribution; through hand-to-hand transactions, mail-in, or while shopping online. The sample was a group of shoppers that totaled 10 stores in different regions, 50 per store. Once the surveys were collected, they were provided to the strategy department by way of the staff. In this research and data analysis Wall-Mart will provide an explanation of the findings and how they affect the company. Confidence Level: 1 180% 190% 1 199% I z-score: I 1 1. 28161 1. 645 11. 96 12. 5758 1 Precision I I Population Size = 150 1 What Is the sample size? Assumed= 195% 120 126 130 137 1 conservative P-150% 139 143 145 147 1 Summary of Learning Team Results Wall-Mart thought It was Imperative to gather accurate results when they administered their survey to the customers. Therefore, a basis of analysis was determined In which the retailer could gauge the survey results. Until this survey was developed, there was no standardized method for collecting Information about the Wall-Mart customer experience. When looking at the responses, Wall-Mart received the lowest average rating for question 9. In question 9 customers are asked how they rate the assistance on the sales floor. Poorly rated sales floor assistance may affect customer satisfaction ratings, and It Is Important to Improve this area to Increase customer satisfaction (Enclave, Benson, ; Squelch, 2011). The ratings Indicated that Wall-Mart received the highest rating for question number 5 In which customers were asked to rate the convenience of a 24-hour super center. The high rated response to this question may Indicate that customers are pleased with Wall- Mart because they offer a 24-hour shopping experience. Out of the 15 survey questions 10 questions average a response within 0. 0 above and below the neutral point of a score of 3. The survey rating results not only indicate a wide range for customer satisfaction improvement but also an overall customer satisfaction rating of only 56% satisfied with the Wall-Mart shopping experience Answers to the Research Questions Wall-Mart focused the survey questions on the customer experience at the store. The data was analyzed to establish a baseline of quantitative numerical value to trend throughout the year. The analysis of the data is to enable Wall-Mart to develop and define customer satisfaction strategies and vision. Out of the 15 survey questions 10 of the questions average a response within 0. 50 above and below the neutral point of a score of 3. The answers from the customer survey indicate a need for a strategic Lana to improve the overall customer experience at the Wall-Mart stores. The answers to the survey questions were beneficial to obtain the perception, view, and voice of the customers’ experience during their Wall-Mart visit. Customer satisfaction promotes an increase in brand loyalty to Wall-Mart; therefore benefits business literacy and return on investment. The main focus is to keep the customer happy and coming back to the store (Wall-Mart Stores, Inc. , 2010). Research Challenges There are many challenges that can be faced when conducting survey research. Such as, dealing with primary research, determining the purpose and whether or not initiative or qualitative data is needed can present challenges in research. It sets the basis for the type and the direction the research should take. This includes proper place or method to distribute the survey, providing clear and concise questions or properly addressing cultural differences in order to effectively reach all consumers. These are some of the challenges our team faced when conducting and gathering research. Wall-Mart consumers come from all walks of life, yet, want to be provided the best customer service. Developing a line of questions that is understandable to all ages and cultures can come with barriers as well. Another challenge faced was getting accurate responses from customers due to the patience level and finding clear, concise questions that link the main research question. Steps to Minimize Challenges in Future Research There are various steps that can be used to minimize the research challenges in the future in order to be effective. The first step is determining the purpose for the research in order to decipher if qualitative or quantitative data is needed. Secondly, establish any language or cultural barriers in the beginning of the research that may cause communication issues in the line of questioning. This is appropriate because that way it provides accurate information in the responses. Another way to minimize challenges in the future will be to thoroughly set a return or time limit so customers don’t feel rushed in responding. This goes along with possibly condensing the number of questions so customers do not feel overwhelmed, thus providing truthful answers. Lastly, although survey research is very cost effective, it can be very vague. The data helps determine the probability of popularity in the overall answers. However, sometimes further explanation is needed and in order to minimize the gray area. In the future, adding an additional incentive based discussion in the future can assist with the research. Rationale for the Survey Items Wall-Mart’s focus is on their business problem, customer satisfaction to increase brand loyalty to benefit the business literacy and bottom-line. The organization’s solution includes the use of customer surveys not only to gain quantitative analysis but also qualitative analysis to use to develop a strategic plan to increase customer and stakeholder satisfaction. The purpose of the survey is to use measurement questions to determine and obtain the customers’ voice and perception. The survey is geared to improve the services and obtain customer feedback from the ratings provided. The questions used in the survey are specific to determine and obtain the customers’ voice and perception of their Wall-Mart experience. The questions use a numerical rating scale to obtain quantitative data and a comment section to obtain qualitative information. Both are important to Wall-Mart to understand the wants and needs of the customer. The customer survey design is an attitude scaling survey. â€Å"Attitude scaling is the process of assessing an attitudinal disposition using a umber that represents a customer’s score on an attitudinal continuum ranging from an extremely favorable disposition to an extremely unfavorable one† (Cooper ; Schneider, 2006, p. 24). The question design is modeled from a combination of the Liker Summated Rating and basic numerical scales. These scales are used to gather ordinal and interval data from participants. The rating results may be summed to measure the customer’s overall attitude toward the Wall-Mart customer experience (Cooper Schneider, 2006). The numerical ratings are broken down into five different areas of measurement for the customer to review. A rating scale of one to five is useful in the quantitative research to obtain a rating to measure customer satisfaction to establish a useful continuous performance improvement program not only to increase customer satisfaction but also increase brand loyalty. The qualitative data is useful to obtain information along with the quantitative data to develop goals and strategies not only to retain the current customer but also to create a customer loyalty to increase business literacy (Enclave, Benson, Cinch, 2011). â€Å"An increase of 5% in customer retention can increase profits by 25% to 95% (Market Tools, Inc. 2006, p. 3). Recommendation for Future Research There are many avenues Wall-Mart can take in the future in regard to the way the company performs research, one avenue are telephone surveys. In the future telephone surveys can be beneficial a toll-free number can be provided on the customer’s receipt for them to call to leave feedback. When a phone interview is conducted by a person and not an automated system, the interviewer can ask more in-depth questions to determine the root of the score. A company can determine why a question scored so high or so little. This aspect is helpful to the company cause it allows them to know what needs to change to make a score better. For example if the parking has a poor rating, more in-depth questions may find that parking has a poor rating because there are always carts in the lot blocking spaces. This response allows the company to act on making that score better. Phone interviews could also be useful year round, providing information for continual improvements to customer service. The company’s survey that was recently conducted only allowed feedback at the end for an overall survey, adding a comment section at each question may also be helping to the company, if they choose to stay tit the current survey method. How to cite Paper Business, Papers

Cars Essay Example For Students

Cars Essay History of CarsBy Kenny CarrollMotor car, road vehicle which first appeared in the 19th Century. The steam propelled the first cars, but such vehicles were not a success and the age of the motor car really dates from the introduction of the petrol-driven horseless carriages of Gottfrield Daimler and Karl Benz (1885-86). The internal combustion engine for these cars had been developed earlier by several engineers, most notably by the German, Nickolaus Otto, in 1876. The main components of a motor car, from then till now, are a body or chassis to which are attached all other parts including the engine or power plant, the transmission system for transferring the drive to the wheels, and the steering, braking and suspension mechanisms for guiding, stopping and supporting the car. A few experts assembled the first cars, but Henry Ford and R. E. Olds in the USA began modern mass-production in the early 1900s. By this means, the cost of a car was drastically reduced, and more people could afford done. In most modern car factories component parts are put together on assembly lines slow-moving conveyor belts. Each worker usually has a specific task, example fitting doors or crankshafts. Bodies and engines are constructed on separate assembly lines, which converge when the engine is installed. Overhead rail conveyors move heavy components to and along the assembly lines, and lower them into position. At a later stage on the assembly line such items as lamps are fitted, and electrical, braking and control systems are tested. The fully assembled car is road tested before sale. The automobile was not invented overnight. It took shape from an accumulation of technical advances that resulted in a light and efficient engine. The accepted fathers of the modern motor car are two Germans, Karl Benz (1844-1929) and Gottfried Daimler (1834-1900), who built their first petrol-fuelled motor vehicles within a few months of each other (1885-6). More than a hundred years earlier, the first self-propelled road vehicle had rumbled through the streets of Paris at nearly 5km/h (3mph) when Nicolas Cugnot (1725-1804) demonstrated his steam-driven wagon. The German Nikolas Otto (1832-91) made the first four-stroke internal-combustion engine in 1876 and in 1885 Daimler had installed a small four-stroke engine in a cycle frame. He drove his first four-wheeled petrol-driven vehicle round Cannstatt in 1886. In neighboring Mannheim, Benz had tested his three-wheeled car. Daimler licensed the French firm of Panhard and Levassor to build his engine. Levassor placed it at the front of his crude car and it drove the rear road-wheels through a clutch and a gearbox. Thus in 1891 the first car to use modern engineering layout was seen. Within three years of the appearance of the first Panhard France was staging motor races on public road. At the turn of the century, petrol, steam and electric power shared almost equal popularity for powering cars. Steam was well tried and reliable and electric vehicles held the land speed record. France had several established motor manufacturers Panhard, Peugeot, Renault, Daracq, Delahaye and others; in Germany Benz had made the worlds first standard production car, the Velo (1894), and the Daimler company was just about to present the Mercedes to the public (1901). In the United States (USA) the automobile would develop along different lines. There the car was seen not as a rich mans toy, but as a new method of communication in a continent in which travel had been restricted by a lack of roads and great distances. Great Britain (UK), slow to start, had legislated for the car in 1896 when the road speed limits were raised and soon such companies as Lanchester, Daimler (of Coventry), Wolseley and Napier were producing cars. Encouraged by the keen interest shown by King Edward VII, motoring in Britain became an accepted method of travel for the rich. Some British manufacturers began to contest French car supremacy and among them the partnership formed in 1904 between Charles Rolls and engineer Henry Royce was on of the most significant. At that time Henry Ford was preparing the motoring world for his Model T, this was introduced in 1908. Erikson and Goffman on American Identity EssayFuel and exhaust pass in and out of a four-stroke engine using a more sophisticated system of valves, controlled automatically by a camshaft driven direct from the engines crankshaft. As the engine operates, the valves are successively opened and closed. The moment of ignition of the fuel must also be accurately controlled. This is done by a distributor, again mechanically connected to the crankshaft, which directs a current of electricity successively to each of the cylinders. This current fires a spark in the sparking plugs and the fuel is ignited. Ottos engines ran on coal gas, a perfectly satisfactory fuel but one that is difficult to store. The gas engine was greatly improved by the use of liquid fuels such as petrol (gasoline) made by refining crude oil. To turn petrol into a combustible vapor it is mixed with air to form a fine mist of droplets that can be drawn into the cylinders. The mixing is carried out in a carburetor. Unlike steam engines most internal combustion engines do not produce great power at slow speeds. The cylinders are small and each individual ignition stroke produces comparatively little power. To obtain a useful amount of work from such engine it must be run fast, to put the maximum number of ignition strokes into each second. Motor car engines commonly produce their maximum power at speeds of 5,000 revolutions per minute or more. The oscillating pistons and valve gear sets the upper limit on speed. Specially prepared engines, in which great attention has been paid to balance and smoothness, can be obtained more power by running into speeds of 12,000 rpm or more. The Economical Diesel EngineThe compression-ignition engine, designed by the German Rudolf Diesel (1858-1913) in 1896, dispenses with the carburetor and sparking plugs of the petrol engine. The gas inside the cylinder on the compression stroke is pure air, which is compressed to 1 : 14 to 1 : 20 of its initial volume a much higher compression ratio than is used in petrol engines. At the top of the compression stroke a fine spray of oil fuel is injected into the cylinder. As gas is compressed its temperature increases, so that the oil spray meets the air charge at a temperature sufficiently high to ignite it spontaneously. Because of its high compression ratio the compression-ignition or diesel engine is more efficient than a petrol engine. But for the same reason it must be more heavily built, thus offsetting the advantage somewhat. Diesel engines offer economies in fuel consumption at the expense of a loss in performance; they are particularly suited to frequent stop and start duties, and as a result are widely used in taxis, buses and lorries. The gas turbine, a completely different kind of engine, was first devised at the beginning of the twentieth century (1900s) and perfected in the 1930s. It usually has a single shaft carrying a series of propeller-like fans divided into two groups, the compressor and the turbine. In an operating gas turbine air is drawn in the compressor fans and its pressure increased. The compressed air is mixed with fuel and ignition takes place, further increasing temperatures and pressures. The burned mixture leaves the engine through the turbine, driving the blades round. The compressor, which is often driven directly by the turbine, takes up much of the power produced, but enough is left to make the gas turbine exceedingly powerful form of engine. Efficiencies are not high, but the good power-to-weight ratio of a gas turbine makes it suitable for aircraft propulsion. A gas turbine is about three times as powerful as a piston engine of the same weight. Words/ Pages : 1,914 / 24

10 Facts for a Thesis on the History of American Business

10 Facts for a Thesis on the History of American Business From the dawn of the automobile revolution to the innovation of electronic consumer products, the history of American business is in continuum ― never at ease, never at rest. In that light, we’re going to discuss the history of American business in greater detail so you can write a thesis that’s not only concise but admired by your professor as well. This is the first of three guides you’ll find here on the history of American business. In this first, 10 facts for a thesis on the history of American business, we share ten significant facts on the history of American business which will form the foundation of your thesis statement. In our second guide, 20 topics for a thesis on the history of American business, which will allow you to start writing your thesis statement right away. It will also give you an idea of how a thesis statement is actually written. Finally, in our third guide, how to write a thesis on the history of American business, we discuss the methodologies, formats and strategies to make your thesis stand out in a major way. This third guide especially is a must read if you want to know how to write a thesis statement, as we will be discussing one of the key components of thesis writing. Without further ado, here are 10 facts on The history of American Business: One of the best moments in history that paved the way for business growth was in the 1790s when the federal government, ruled by George Washington and Alexander Hamilton, encouraged the enterprise of businesses. George Washington had been a business-oriented person. He was known for getting involved in numerous projects that lead to the development of transportation to Western lands. His main goal was to make America an industrial nation. Right after the American Revolution, banks started to thrive in America. The Bank of North America is among the oldest of American banks in the United States of America. Of course, there were banks before that, but organized banking only started after the American Revolution. It started out on a small scale in Boston and New York and now has deep roots entrenched in American soil. Alexander Brown was the main business innovator known for transitioning traditional merchants into modern merchants and played a key role in forming the nation’s first investment bank. The first investment bank in the US, Alex. Brown Sons, started out as a cotton, exporting and shipping company. When Brown expanded his business to Liverpool, England, New York and Philadelphia, it provided sufficient financing for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which in turn, tapped into the hinterlands of Philadelphia and Ohio ― expanding its growth even more. By monopolizing Baltimore’s shipping trade with Liverpool, Brown financed Baltimore Importers, which allowed him to specialize in merchant banking. Railroads were one of the biggest commercial and financial successes that had a dramatically large-scale impact on American business. It provided a highly efficient way to ship freight and passengers over a large national market, becoming the basis of the private financial system. Brown became the sole inventor of modern management, allowing young men between the ages of 18 and 20 to embrace a career path. However, this led to America developing a love-hate relationship with railroads. Before automobiles started getting manufactured in 1910, general stores and itinerant peddlers were the most profitable businesses in rural America. There was no criterion on the quality of foods; instead, it was based on credit since most customers shopped on credit ― not credit borrowed from the bank but by paying bills when customers were able to harvest their crops, cattle or hogs[1] . Stores were also a point where men were typically found instead of women. It became a chatting point for men, where they passed around the local newspaper and talked politics. Towns and small cities were the main avenue for marketing. Many entrepreneurs at the time opened small stores that offered a variety of reasonably priced, high quality products. This allowed middle-class women to start shopping for day-to-day goods. These stores offered limited credit purchases, but also other attractive things such as seasonal sales, high turnover, and branded merchandise. Advertising is one of the key factors that allow businesses to thrive exponentially. It is deemed worthy to mention it here since we’re talking American business history. N.W. Ayer and Son was the instigating power that assumed responsibility for creating advertising content. As industrialization expanded after 1900s, so did advertising. From a mere $200 million advertising volume in 1880 to about $3 billion in 1920, advertising agencies grew rapidly, allowing them to influence the population’s economic behavior on a major scale. According to Juliet Walker, the year between 1900 and 1930, were the golden years of â€Å"black business†. The National Negro Business League confirms that through statistics which indicate that businesses owned by African Americans had experienced a 200% increase, going from 20000 to 40000 in just 14 years (1900 1914). Booker T. Washington was one of the pioneers who promoted African American entrepreneurship. Booker also ran the National Negro Business League and moved between city a large number of cities to sign contracts with local business owners to join his network. Carnegie Steel has been one of the biggest steel industries in the United States. It’s still remembered today for its Eads Bridge that’s found across the Mississippi river. Carnegie Steel was also the world’s biggest manufacturer of steel rails, coke and pig iron at the time. Behind this successful industry was a young leader, Andrew Carnegie. The industry became so successful that it bought its rival Homestead Steel Works in 1888, before becoming the largest manufacturer in 1890. Eventually, it bought all other steel mills and became known as U.S. Steel. Railroads were also behind the invention of the American Pension System. When young 18-year-old men were hired, trained and promoted in their respective field, they became a high-value asset for the railroad firm. To discourage employees from leaving the company, they offered pensions that would be given right after retirement. We’re certain you must have found the facts interesting and informative. Let’s continue to our next guide, 20 topics for a thesis on the history of American business, where we will give you topic examples along with a sample essay on one of those topics to assist you in writing a great thesis. Don’t forget to read our final guide, How to Write a Thesis on the history of American business, which would add perfect flair to your thesis statement, making it more interesting, convincing   and profound in every sense of the word. Reference: John R. Nelson, (1979) Alexander Hamilton and American Manufacturing: A Reexamination. Journal of American History 65.4: 971-995. Dora L. Costa, 1880-1990 The evolution of retirement. in Costa, The Evolution of Retirement: An American Economic History, (U of Chicago Press, 1998), pp 6-31 Sylla, Richard. 1790-1840 US securities markets and the banking system. Review-Federal Reserve Bank of Saint Louis 80 (1998): 83-98 Licht, Working for the Railroad pp 262-63. 269 Dora L. Costa, 1880-1990 The evolution of retirement. in Costa, The Evolution of Retirement: An American Economic History, (U of Chicago Press, 1998), pp 6-31 Lewis E. Atherton, (1971) The Frontier Merchant in Mid-America Juliet E.K. Walker, (2009) The history of black business in America: Capitalism, race, entrepreneurship p 183.

Business Contract and Goods Essay

Business Contract and Goods Essay Business: Contract and Goods Essay P1 13.1 Dear Ann, The Sale of Goods Act 1979 provides four main protections for buyers: 1. The seller must have the right to sell the goods 2. Goods sold by description must correspond to the description 3. Goods must be of satisfactory quality 4. Goods sold by sample, the goods must correspond to the sample in quality In contracts for the sale of goods and supply of services certain basic provisions are implied by statute in order to provide protection to purchasers. The main provisions derive from the Sale of Goods Act 1979 and the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982. The Sale of Goods Act protects purchasers where the seller does not have the right to sell the goods. Where the goods are sold by description there is an implied term that the goods will correspond to that description. Businesses must ensure that the goods they sell are of satisfactory quality and fit for their purpose. Where the goods are sold by sample there is an implied term that the goods will correspond to the sample in quality. Where the goods are supplied along with a service then the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 applies. This implies the identical provisions as the Sale of Goods Act in relation to the goods supplied. In addition there are implied terms that the service must be carried out with reasonable care and skill, that the service will be carried out within a reasonable time and where no price is agreed a reasonable price will be paid. In this case the

COUNTRIES WITH HIGH ADULT AND CHILD MORTALITY RATES Essay

COUNTRIES WITH HIGH ADULT AND CHILD MORTALITY RATES - Essay Example Selection of Angola for this analytical study was based on the fact that, the nation has the necessary resources to improve its healthcare system, yet it is one among several African nations with the highest rates of mortality and morbidity. The country also experiences acute shortage of human resources in the health sector, especially nurses. This research paper attempts to give insight into the current state of Angola’s health system, by considering responsible government institutions, healthcare delivery, nursing education and accreditation, and roles that nurses can play to aid in improvement of the country’s health outcomes. Government Angola is a republic, meaning that its government is chosen by the electorate. The country currently has a stable executive government framework. The president is usually a leader of the coalition or party that gets the highest number of votes in the National Assembly (NA) elections. The president heads the executive branch of govern ment and he or she may serve one or two five-year terms. It is also the president who nominates provincial governors. These governors then elect district administrators for further devolution of resources (UNICEF, 2008). State of Health Angola’s state of health is currently among the worst around the world, as shown by high infant mortality rate at about 154 deaths for every 1,000 newly born babies, and a mortality rate of 260 deaths for every 1,000 kids under the age of five. The country also has a diminished life expectancy of 40 years (USAID, 2010). These shocking statistics are attributable to widespread prevalence of malaria, acute respiratory diseases like pneumonia, diarrheal diseases like cholera, malnutrition and tetanus, coupled with inadequate access to healthcare. The high rate of mortality in Angola is accentuated by the nation’s lack of properly trained healthcare professionals and infrastructure damaged during the civil war. Another significant fact to d enote is the high maternal mortality rate, estimated to be 1,700 for every 100,000 births (WHO, 2010). This exceedingly high proportion can be attributed to prevalence of malaria and hepatitis, among other pregnancy-linked conditions which are left untreated. Angola is also facing several communicable ailments like sleeping sickness, tuberculosis and leprosy. Nonetheless, malaria is the greatest cause of mortality in the country, with approximately 35 percent of reported annual deaths being as a result of this disease (Costa Mendes et al., 2013). Culture and Traditional Medicine In Angola, adoption of traditional medicine and healing practices can be traced back about four millennia. The fundamental assertion that underlies traditional medicine in the country is that, it developed from    experimental observation of the manner in which man reacted to certain environmental triggers. Traditional medicine is no longer extensively practiced in Angola due to adoption of modern medicine and because about 56 percent of the populace lives in urban areas. However, people in rural areas still believe in traditional medicine and many consume purported healing portions (Connor, Averbug & Miralles, 2010). Healthcare System and Delivery Healthcare service delivery in Angola faces acute human resource issues, especially shortage and lack of qualification among care providers. There are also widespread cases

The Darwinian controversy of the nineteenth century Essay

The Darwinian controversy of the nineteenth century - Essay Example The transmutation of species was accepted by many scientists before 1859, but the publication of Charles Darwins On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection provided the first cogent theory for a mechanism by which evolutionary change could occur: natural selection. (Mayr, 2002) Darwins theory nearly shattered the traditional Christian notion that humanity, poised between beast and angel, was literally formed in Gods image. Darwin pointed out, long before we knew that we share 98.5 percent of our genetic material with chimpanzees, that what looks back at us in the mirror is not the face of God but is kin to the earthbound apes. As the Edinburgh Review warned at the time, "a revolution in thought is imminent, which will shake society to its very foundations by destroying the sanctity of the conscience and the religious sense." (Zimmer, 2002) All the statements of Darwinian Theory were in strong contradiction with the religious views. Darwin was sure that life on Earth is directly connected with the fight for living. In addition the strongest survives and the weakest loses their right for living. According to Darwin’s theory there is always a great resistance and contradiction in nature. More over Darwin supposed that this theory reflected the life of humans also. This, of course, was totally opposite to religious views, where everything should exist in harmony with each other. Religion considers that life is given to everyone and we should co-exist in the world peacefully. It is interesting that Indian anthropologist Lalita Vidyardi, who devoted many years of her life to the learning of Darwinism, states that Darwinian theory of evolution, caused the ideas of racism in social sciences. She said that many scientists believed that the civilization and progress in the world were achieved thanks to the white race and in the second part of the XIX-the century the phenomenon of racism was accepted as a fact by a greatest part of

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Essay - 1

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design - Essay Example It is quite a task organizing the different professions and the re-designing process is costly if it involves already existing structures. CPTEDs emphasises on design and land use and it is different from traditional approaches towards crime. Traditional approaches emphasized on using physical or artificial barriers to deny criminals access to their targets (Stummvoll, 2012). CPTED therefore aims at improving from this method, which overlooked the opportunities that existed in natural access control and surveillance. CPTED incorporates these overlooked strategies besides territorial enforcement.This system bases on a theory, which states that adequate designs and effective use of the built environment could lead to a reduction in the incidence as well as fear of crime (Tipton &Krause, 2010). This policy has been applicable in several situations and one successful instance was in Sarasota, Florida. The planners implemented CPTED strategies to curb crime in the North trail area of Sara sota. In 1990, the City of Sarasota, decided to revitalize its North Trail area. The number of prostitutes was increasing; old buildings were present as well as restrictive zoning codes (Atlas, 2010). This factors increased crime hence discouraging economic investments and lowering the living standards of the community. Sarasota therefore sought to organize a CPTED Task Force that was to work under the authority of the city manager. The purpose of the task force was to amend some of the city laws that involved zonal restrictions (Atlas, 2010). Eventually, the planners adopted a resolution in support of CPTED in issues affecting designing and redevelopment projects. They referred to the study area as the North Trail Corridor. By analyzing the short-term events and results, the method proved effective. The city police departments used high-visibility patrols and acted in undercover (Atlas, 2010). They collaborated with motel owners to

The Classification Of Fundamental Movement Skills

The Classification Of Fundamental Movement Skills The objective of this paper to have a literature review on fundamental movement skills and also to use the integrated approach of qualitative analysis of human movement to study the FMS performed by the child subject. The definition of FMS Fundamental movement skills are movement patterns that involve different body parts such as the legs, arms, trunk and head. Fundamental movement skills are the building blocks for playing games, sports, dance, gymnastics, outdoor education and physical recreation activities. The twelve common skills are balancing, running, jumping, catching, hopping, throwing, galloping, skipping, leaping, kicking, striking and dodging (Steps PD ,2007). The Classification of FMS Skills have many characteristics that can change in different environment, which makes classifying them difficult. In general, the Skill classification systems are based on the view that motor skills are affected by three factors: how precise a movement is whether the movement has a definite beginning and end whether the environment affects the performance of the skill (Brian Mac Sport Coach,1997) In this assignment, we will only look at Open and Closed skill classification. Open/Closed Skill Open skill is refers to the environment is constantly changing and so movements have to be continually adapted. Therefore, skills are predominantly perceptual and mostly externally paced; sports like Football is usually involve open skills. Close skill take place in a stable, predictable environment and the performer knows exactly what to do. These skills are not affected by the environment and tend to be habitual. Movements follow set patterns and have a clear beginning and end. The skills tend to be self-paced, for example a free throw in Basketball. The importance and relevance of developing FMS in children Fundamental motor skills provide a support base of movement from which more advanced skills can be developed. A child individual whose fundamental motor skills are not properly developed will not have a foundation upon which to build proficient movement forms. For example if a child is not able to balance, run, jump, throw, kick, strike, he will not be able to develop proficiency in playing soccer. The factors effecting the development of FMS Impairment Individuals with inherited impairment will have a significant constraint on the upper limit of performance attainable; there is no guarantee of success for an individual even with extensive and intensive specific practice. For example, one legged individual will definitely not able to dribble a soccer ball on the field. Social economic status Studies from WHO have showed that countries with higher socioeconomic status like UK, USA, Australia will have heavier or overweight kids who grow faster that those with lower socioeconomic status, for example in UK, a 3 years old kid are 1/2 taller than other countries like Laos. These overweight kids will usually spent more time on watching television than exercise; hence studies have shown that these kids tend to be less competent in the skill of running than non-overweight (Informa Health , 2010). Cultural This refers to cultural restriction in certain countries that do not allow individual to play or learn certain sports. Example, in middle countries like Iran because of its strict Islamic dress code, women are not allow to reveal any parts of the body such as face, hand and leg. This prohibits women gymnast in Iran to compete internationally, hence gymnastics is not a popular sport for women in Iran at all. Environmental Environmental constraints is refers to family or social support. Individual can reacts in many different ways to such constraints. This could either motivate an individual to greater heights or cause a dumper on the promising sport careers. School School with good coaching coach or teacher, sport science support, training equipment and facilities will usually have a positive impact on the individuals development of FMS as compared to those do not have. In Singapore this year another 9 primary schools and 6 secondary schools have been awarded the Program for School-Based Excellence and Niche Program status respectively. The awards aim to encourage greater diversity in schools by helping them to develop their strengths and unique niches. Students would have a more enriched educational experience by having more opportunities to grow in different areas of excellence like Sports. Assessment of FMS The assessment of movement skill is a critical component of many disciplines, In particular, the accurate information about the skill level of individual. There are several different ways to measure childrens performance of FMS, each with advantages and disadvantages, namely Quantitative and Qualitative. Quantitative assessment approaches involve measuring the product or outcome of the performance. Qualitative assessment focuses on the form or technique of the movement, namely how the skill is performed (Dr Beth Hands). The 4 stages of qualitative analysis of human movement written by Knudson and Morrison are Preparation, Observation, Evaluation and Diagnosis and Intervention (Duane V. Knudson Craig S. Morrison, 2002). Preparation The 1st of the 4 tasks of qualitative analysis is preparation. Kinesiology staff preparing for qualitative analysis must have some knowledge on the activity or movement, the performers, and able to give effective instruction as such professionals must continuously update their knowledge in all of these areas. In this experiment, the subject chosen is a 10 year old kid studying in a neighborhood school. He has no specialize training on athletics except from attending physical education lesson during school time. The critical features of the running movement suggested are as follow: Preparatory, Runners to your mark Hands sideways at starting line Stronger foot forward Opposite knee by opposite toe foot Head up and eyes looking forward about 2 feet Preparatory, Get Set Rear end raises up, butt is a little higher then shoulders Slowly raise to a standing position Head up and eyes Execution, Go Lands on ball of the foot Head stable Trunk stable Eyes focused forward Elbows bent at 90 Â ° Arms drive forward and back in opposition to the legs Non-support knee bends at least 90 Â ° during the recovery phase Observational strategy The 2nd task of qualitative analysis is observation. The observation for this experiment is based on a systematic observational strategy (SOS) to gather information about the critical features of a movement. An SOS can be organized based on the phases or sequence of the movement by balance or base of support, by the importance of critical features, or from a general impression to specific aspects of performance. The key elements of an SOS are: To focus attention, Control the situation so to optimize observation and the subjects performance, use variety of sensory information and the interaction of all the senses, not just vision for observation. Plan vantage points, viewing distances and numbers of observations, Plan the number of observations, Extend observational power using tools such as slow motion video replay. In this experiment, the observation is done by phases of the running movement. The 3 phases for the running movement observed are preparation, execution and follow through. A simple criteria sheet was developed to record the details of the observation in Appendix 1. Critical elements and observation remarks for the running movement were also detailed in Appendix 1. Evaluation and diagnosis of performance ( The 3rd task of qualitative analysis of human movement is the evaluation and the diagnosis of performance. The analyst must evaluate the strengths and weakness of the movements critical features. The process of diagnosis involves prioritizing the strengths and weaknesses so that intervention can be selected to improve performance. There are 6 rationales that may be used to prioritize intervention: Relating actions to previous actions, Maximizing improvement, Making the easiest corrections first (working in order of difficulty), Correcting in sequence, Moving upward from the base of support, Fixing critical features first. In this experiment, the evaluation done for the subject is as follow: The strength The subject is able to stand at the stronger foot forward before he runs; he is able to keep his eyes focused while is going forward. His truck is stable, and he is able to keep his elbows bent at 900 during the run. He is able to keep his arms swinging forward and back in opposition to the legs. He is able to land on ball of the foot or heels when he is running. The weakness The subject is not able to keep his head looking forward when he runs. His head is also tilt upwards; this may hurt his neck during the run. He tends to speed very fast during the initial stage of the run, and he gets very tired before he can finish the run. When he is running, he tends to open his hands, this has created more winds resistance (known as dragging). Validity and Reliability of the observation Validity is refers to the extent which a variable has been adequately measured, in the experiment conducted, the critical features of the running movement are captured using a video cam and it is later analyzed repeatedly using video playback, hence both the face validity and content validity relating to the running were captured and observed. Reliability refers to the extent to which any measuring procedure yields the same results on repeated trials. In the experiment conducted, intra-rater reliability was observed because the different experiment was conducted by the same analyst. In addition, Inter-rater reliability was also observed because the same subject was used in different trials. Intervention (Strategies for improving performance) The 4th task of qualitative analysis is the provision of some intervention to help the performer improve. Intervention includes traditional augment verbal feedback like using specific cue word or phrase for intervention and other methods such as using visual models, exaggeration, task modification, manual guidance, conditioning, attentional cueing, ecological intervention to teach and train a person to move better. Another consideration for those who wish to improve performance is the use of positive terms during feedbacks and in language that is age-appropriate or specific to the individual. So in this experiment, a variety of approaches of intervention are used for the subject for the 2 weakness as observed in the last topic. The use of age-appropriate cues when teaching the subject to close his hands when he run, example to tell the subject do not run like a duck, must close his hands. Demonstration by the instructors will be effective, because most people have a visual learning style. Using videos replays from the gold standards or poster of the key body positions in running will also effective. Through manual guidance by holding the subjects hand in specific position to give the subject a feel for the actual position or action or to ask subject to freeze on command so that the coach can manually change the subjects hand posture. Attentional cueing can involve the coach providing intervention as cue words to guide the subsequent performance. Cue words use like Close hands, should focus on the actions of the movement and teach the subject to become more aware of the movement. Conclusion Fundamental motor skills provide a wide base of movement abilities where more advanced skills can be developed. A child whose fundamental motor skills are not amply developed will not have a foundation upon which to build proficient movement forms. Using an integrated approach of qualitative analysis of human movement through preparation, observation, evaluation, diagnosis, intervention, coaches and teachers will able to improve the movement of the children. References Steps PD (2007). Foundation movement skill. Retrieved May 24, 2010 from http://www.steps-pd.co.uk/fms.htm Brian Mac Sport Coach (1997). Skill Classification. Retrieved May 24, 2010 from http://www.brianmac.co.uk/continuum.htm Informa Health (2010).International Journal of Pediatric Obesity. Retrieved May 24, 2010 from http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3109/17477160903271971 Dr Beth Hands. How can we best measure Fundamental Movement Skills. Retrieved May 24, 2010 from http://escalate.ac.uk/downloads/6831.pdf AD Okely ML Booth (2004). Mastery of fundamental movement skills among children in New South Wales: prevalence and sociodemographic distribution. Retrieved May 24, 2010 http://www.jsams.org/article/S1440-2440(04)80031-8/abstract. Duane V. Knudson Craig S. Morrison (2002). Qualitative Analysis of Human Movement. Champaign IL: Human kinetics.

Teenage Suicide :: Teenage Suicide Essays

Teenage Suicide   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The killing of own life intentionally is referred as suicide. Over the past years, American society has been concerned about this issue, especially teenage suicide. The suicide rate among teenagers is not constant for a period of time; it keeps changing over time. Most of the time, the suicide rate among boys is greater than that among girls.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Different types of people in our society respond to this issue in different ways. Earlier in this year, some 932 parents of adolescents completed a questionnaire of 30 common psychological medical concerns of adolescence, among which suicide was one item. They were asked how important it is for pediatricians to discuss these with their kids during checkups. The result showed that more than 66% of the parents being questioned said 29 of the 30 items were important to be discussed with their teenage children. This survey showed that American parents are somehow concerned about suicide among teenagers. This concern is pervasive among American teenagers. In 1993, a national survey of adolescents about their knowledge of, and attitudes toward, youth suicide was made. The survey reulted that 60% of the teenagers reported knowing another teen who had attempted suicide while 6% reported having make an attempt themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The above two examples indicates that it is very important for parents, counselors, or different institutions to become aware of the reasons and symptons of teenage suicide and to find out possible preventive procedures. Recently, an examination of suicide rates among Black and White adolescents from 1986 to 1991 was made. It showed that suicide rate among girls of all ethnicities remained stable. Also, the rate for White boys were pretty much stabilized; however, the rate for Black and other minority boys increased significantly. Those increases were more rapid in areas where suicide rates were historically low. This phenomenon tells that there are various kinds of reasons for suicide and different types of methods for suicide are also being used.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the late 1970s and early 1980s in Oxford, the rate of deliberate self-poisoning and self-injury in older female teenagers declined, but it increased again between 1986 and 1989. For male adolescents, self-poisoning with minor tanquillizers and sedatives had declined, but paracetamol self- poisoning increased in that period. In Zimbabwe, young women during 1970s used poison as the method of suicide; however, self-immolation was frequently being used in the mid 1980s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are various types of reasons why teenagers commit suicide. Suicide in teenagers is sometimes linked to, or in relation with, vision therapy. It was argued that an inadequate level of concentration or short attention span of a patient is a common cause for the academic, personality, and behavioral